PFAS and drinking water
PFAS and drinking water
Recognising the current community interest in PFAS in drinking water, we want to assure our customers that the safety of drinking water we supply across South Australia remains our priority.
Below are some facts on PFAS, as well as information on how we and the broader water and health industries are responding to this emerging contaminant.
What are PFAS?
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, known as PFAS, are human-made chemicals that have been widely used in a range of industrial and consumer products since the 1950s.
This includes the manufacture of non-stick cookware, in stain protection for fabrics, furniture and carpet, in food packaging, in water-repellent clothing, cosmetics, sunscreen and predominantly in some types of fire-fighting foams.
There are many types of PFAS. The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011) specify limits in drinking water for PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonate), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonic acid).
How does PFAS enter water?
The properties that make PFAS useful in industrial and consumer products can also make them problematic in the environment where they may have been released. They don’t break down fully and can persist for a long time. They are also highly mobile in water and can travel long distances from their source.
In South Australia, we are fortunately in a very different position when it comes to PFAS in water, compared to some other locations around the country. There are no large industries, large populations or places where fire-fighting foams containing PFAS have been used (such as airports) near our drinking water sources, providing a low risk of PFAS contamination.
We know that the most effective way to limit PFAS in drinking water is to remove the source. Governments and industry continue to work together identify and control PFAS at their source.
What is SA Water doing?
Based on discussions with our regulator SA Health, we are progressively undertaking proactive investigative sampling and testing for PFAS in our main drinking water sources across South Australia. This began in September 2024 at six of our major metropolitan Adelaide reservoirs. In May 2025, we sampled three targeted locations in the River Murray, as a first step in a staged process for this water source.
The were no detectable PFAS levels within any of these sources.
This work is to understand if there are any PFAS present to help inform our ongoing monitoring and testing approach together with SA Health, including in response to the National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) recent review of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011).
We focused our initial investigative testing at these sources based on an assessment of PFAS risk – there are higher populations of people nearby, therefore more potential risk of PFAS contamination.
As a next step, we are now moving to undertake annual routine PFAS testing of our major metropolitan reservoirs, and together with SA Health, will be looking at further investigative sampling at additional regional water sources across South Australia.
We also continue to work with the broader water industry, regulators and researchers to ensure any potential emerging PFAS risk to water supplies is well understood and actively managed.
Investigative sampling undertaken to date
All sampling undertaken registered results below the limit of analytical detection of 0.002 micrograms per litre, meaning PFAS was not detected in any samples captured.
September 2024 – major metropolitan reservoirs
| Water source | PFOA (micrograms per litre) | PFOS (micrograms per litre) | PFHxS (micrograms per litre) | PFBS (micrograms per litre) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barossa Reservoir | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Happy Valley Reservoir | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Hope Valley Reservoir | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Little Para Reservoir | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Millbrook Reservoir | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Myponga Reservoir | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
May 2025 – River Murray
| Water source | PFOA (micrograms per litre) | PFOS (micrograms per litre) | PFHxS (micrograms per litre) | PFBS (micrograms per litre) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moorook | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Mypolonga | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
| Swan Reach | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
Australian Drinking Water Guidelines review
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011) are created by the NHMRC and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC). They provide water regulators and suppliers like SA Water comprehensive advice on monitoring and managing drinking water quality, based on the most up-to-date scientific knowledge.
The NHMRC recently reviewed health-based guideline values for PFAS within the guidelines, releasing the revised values in June 2025.
This independent review considered national and international guidance and reviews to ensure the guidelines remain relevant and reflect the latest scientific knowledge within an Australian context.
Previous and revised health-based guideline values
| Previous guideline value (micrograms per litre) | Updated guideline value (micrograms per litre) | |
|---|---|---|
| PFOA | Less than 0.56 | Less than 0.2 |
| PFOS | Sum of PFOS and PFHxS Less than 0.07 | Less than 0.008 |
| PFHxS | Less than 0.03 | |
| PFBS | No health-based guideline value | Less than 1.0 |
To put these measurements into context, a microgram is equivalent to a quarter of a teaspoon in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.
More information
There is a lot of information out there on PFAS, and it’s important to choose reliable, expert sources. Here are some useful links:
